Toxicology references

1) Kulig K: Initial management of ingestions of toxic substances. N Engl J Med 326: 1677-1681,1992

2) Brett AS: Implications of discordance between clinical impressions and toxicology analysis in drug overdose. Arch Intern Med 148:437, 1988

3) Kellerman AL, Fihn SD, LoGerfo JP, et al: Impact of drug screening in suspected overdose. Ann Emerg Med 16:1206,1987.

4)Mahoney JD, Gross PL, Stern TA, et al: Quantitative serum toxic screening in the management of suspected drug overdose. Am J Emerg Med 8:16, 1990

5) Kulling P, Persson H : The role of the intensive care unit in the management of the poisoned patient. Med Toxicol 1:375-386,1986

Gastric Emptying

1) Kulig K, Barr-Or D, Cantril SV, et al: Management of acutely poisoned patients without gastric emptying. Ann Emerg Med 14:562-567,1985

2) Merigan KS, Woodward M, Hedges et al: Prospective evaluation of gastric emptying in the self-poisoned patient. Am J Emerg Med 8;479-483,1990

3) Pond SM, Lewis-Driver DJ, Williams GM, et al: Gastric emptying in the acute overdose: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Med J of Aust 163:345-349,1995

4) Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Foulke GE, et al: Superiority of activated charcoal alone compared with ipecac and activated charcoal in the treatment of acute toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 18:56-59,1989

5) Kornberg AE, Dolgin J: Pediatric ingestions: Charcoal alone versus ipecac and charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 20:648-651,1991

Acetaminophen

1) Keays R, Harrison P, et al: Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: A prospective controlled trial. Br Med J 303:1026-1029, 1991

2) Harrison P, Keays R, et al: Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine. Lancet 1:1572-1753, 1990

3) Harrison P, Wendon J et al: Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med: 324:1852-1857,1991

4) Douglas DR, et al: A pharmacokinetic comparison of acetaminophen products (Tylenol Extended Relief vs. Regular Tylenol). Acad Emerg Med 103(8):740, 1996

Tricylic Antidepressants

1) Callaham M, Kassel D: Epidemiology of fatal tricyclic antidepressant ingestion: Implications for management. Ann Emerg Med 14: 1 - 9, 1985

2) Boehnert M, Lovejoy FH : Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug levels in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 313: 474-479, 1985

3) Neimann JT, Bessen HA, et al: Electrocardiographic criteria for tricyclic antidepressant cardiotoxicity. Am J Cardiol 57: 1154-1159, 1986

4) Wolfe TR, Caravati EM, et al : Terminal 40-ms frontal plane QRS axis as a marker for tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 18: 348-351,1989.

5) Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, et al : Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: Treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15: 1052-1059,1986

6) Pentel P, Peterson CD: Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 9: 588-590, 1980

Salicylates

1) Done AK : Salicylate intoxication: Significance of measurements of salicylate in blood in cases of acute ingestion. Pediatrics 26 : 800-807,1960

2) Dugandzic RM, Tierney MG, et al: Evaluation of the validity of the Done normogram in the management of acute salicylate intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 18:1186-1190,1989

3) Hrnicek G, Skelton J, et al: Pulmonary edema and salicylate intoxication.

JAMA 230:866-867,1974

4) Gabow PA, Anderson RJ, et al: Acid-base disturbances in the salicylate poisoning in adults. Arch Intern Med 138:1481-1484,1978.

5) Wortzman DJ, Grunfeld A: Delayed absorption following enteric coated aspirin overdose. Ann Emerg Med 16:434-436,1987

Digoxin

1) Bismuth C, Gaultier FC, Efthymoiu ML: Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications. Clin Toxicol 6:153,1973

2) Smith TW et al: reversal of advanced digoxin intoxication with Fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies. N Engl J Med 294:797,1976

3) Bismuth C et al: Acute digitoxin intoxication treated with intracardiac pacemaker. Experience in 68 patients. Clin Toxicol 10:443,1977

4) Taboulet P et al: Acute digitalis toxicity - Is pacing still appropriate? Clin Toxicol 31:261,1993

5) Kelly RA, Smith TW: Recognition and management of digoxin toxicity. Am J cardiol 69:108G,1992

6) Cohen L, Kitzes R: Magnesium sulfate and digitalis-toxic arrhythmias. JAMA 249:2808, 1983

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