Reference and Recommendation Letters

There could be some confusion understanding the difference, if any, between a "letter of reference" and a "letter of recommendation". In most cases, the difference is merely a choice of one wording over another, but technically speaking, there are a few ways you could differentiate between the two; primarily by the category of addressee, the level of the detail covered and the specific purpose of the letter.

What is a letter of recommendation?

A "letter of recommendation" is one that is specifically requested by someone for a determined / defined employment position, academic program or award application. Generally, these letters are sent directly to the requestor and not seen by the student. They can be categorized as:

• Employment Related
• Academic Admission
• Commendation or Recognition
• Performance Evaluation

What is a letter of reference?

A "letter of reference" is normally more general in nature and not addressed to a specific requestor. Often you will see these letters addressed as "To Whom it may Concern" or "Dear Sir/Madam". These letters are most often given directly to the student and kept for future use. Situations where they are used tend to be:

• Character Assessment
• Academic Related
• Employment Related
• General Purpose

Who to ask for a letter of reference or recommendation?

Choose someone who:

• Knows you and appreciates your work.
• Can give a detailed account of your abilities.
• Has supervised you directly (boss, supervisor, team leader: past or present).
• You know has something good to say about your work, personality and team work skills.
• Is a key figure in, or familiar with, the field you are applying for.

What information I should provide to my referee?

• The date the recommendation is due.
• Your current contact information, so your recommender can reach you, if necessary.
• The name, title, organization, and address of the person to whom the letter should be addressed.
• Information about the position or program to which you are applying.
• A brief description of your goals and plans if needed.
• Your CV, transcripts and any information you would like your recommender to address in his/her letter.
• A draft of your personal statement or research proposal, if such is required for your application.

• A reminder of how you and your recommender know one another; classes you have taken with him/her, the grades you received in those classes, paper topics you worked on, etc. You may wish to include a copy of a successful paper or final exam, and any comments your professor gave you on your work.

Samples & Tips

For sample letters and tips on how to ask for a reference/recommendation letter:

• 100 winner letters of recommendation: For master and PhD candidates - Best samples to write a powerful letter of recommendation (Available at CaPS Resource Centre)
• How to ask for a reference letter (UA)
• Confidence is key when asking for a reference letter (UA)
• Sample faculty reference letter (NACE)
• Sample recommendation letters (PennState)

Please note that CaPS and McGill do not endorse any particular websites/services; the listing is for your information only.